Chłopiec-chłopcu(boy)
Some soft consonants
IRREGULAR MASCULINE NOUNS Brat
There are seven cases in Polish.
lots of this will be familiar to those of you who
speak Latin, Russian, German, but there are some strange quirks in the Połish
cases.
I.
One of the most curious aspects of Połish grammar is the use of the
instrumentał case for the second part of a sentence invołving the verb BE or
BECOME, instead of the simpłe nominative.
I am an American - is NOT 'Jestem Amerikanin, but 'Jestem
Amerikaninem.'
This has an unusual twist - the sentence 'Jestem
samochodem' normally means 'I came by car' (literally "I am with a car"), but
grammatically also means 'I AM a car:'
II.
The accusative of words relating to people or animals is identical
to the genitive: The accusative of inanimate objects is the normal accusative:
III:
Direct objects after negative verbs don't take the accusative, but
the genitive form.
! The word 'nic' is an
exception and remains unchanged - Nic nie widzę.
con i verbi di moto per indicare lo spazio percorso Całą
drogę przejechali w dwie godziny. per indicare il complemento di tempo
continuato Mieszkałem tutaj trzy lata. nelle frasi negative se il complemento
oggetto e rappresenato dl pronome "nic" Nic nie rozumiem.
verbs radzić to rule kierować to run, direct gardzić
disdain Pieniądz rządzi światem. Już drugi rok kieruje tą instytucją. To
express motion through sth Długo chodził ulicami. adjectives bogaty rich
ubogi poor mały small Ubogi duchem. Mały wzrostem.
- Why? Dlaczego? Czemu?
- What for? Po co?
- When? Kiedy?
- How much? Ile?
|
- Who? Kto?
- What? Co?
- Where? Gdzie?
|
Polish adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in
both gender and case.
-y, -i
|
M |
F |
N |
| N |
-a |
-e |
| G |
-ego |
-ej |
-ego |
| D |
-emu |
-ej |
-emu |
| A |
N or G form* |
-a |
same as N |
| I |
-ym, -im |
- a |
-ym, -im |
| ł |
-ym, im |
-ej |
-ym, -im |
| V |
same as N |
same as N |
same as N |
*G for animate nouns, N for
inanimate nouns
PLURAL ADJECTIVES
Only two plural forms
- masculine personal and
- masculine inanimate- feminine-neutral
M animate M inanimate-F-N
N -y, -i -e
G-ych, -ich -ych, -ich
D -ym, -im -ym, im
A Same as G same as N
I -ymi, -imi -ymi, -imi
L -ych, -ich -ych, -ich
V Same as N -same as N
(a 'y' cannot follow a 'g' or a 'k' in Polish - it becomes an 'i')
Młody-young
Singular
M F N
N młody młoda młode
G młodego młodej młodego
D młodemu młodej młodemu
A młody/ego młoda młode
I młodym młodej młodym
ł młodym młodej młodym
V młody młoda młode
PłURAL
M animate M inam-F-N
N młodzi młode
G młodych młodych
D młodym młodym
A młodych młode
I młodymi młodymi
L młodych młodych
V młodzi młode
SINGULAR
M F N
N tani tania tanie
G taniego taniej taniego
D taniemu taniej taniemu
A tani/ego tanią tanie
I tanim tanią tanim
L tanim taniej tanim
V tani tania tanie
PLURAL
M animate M inam.-F-N
N tani tanie
G tanich tanich
D tanim tanim
A tanich tanie
I tanimi tanimi
L tanich tanich
V tani tanie
- Adjectives ending in -ki and -gi have a masculine animate plural in -cy
and -dzy.
- Polski-polscy
- drogi-drodzy
- Before the -i of the N pl, the final consonant is "palatized"
- Some adjectives have a short form (without the ending) in the masculine
nominative singular - (sometimes --e- or -ie- are insrted to avoid two
consonants from appearing at the end of the word)
- Zdrowy-zdrów (healthy)
- wesoly-wesół (happy)
- Pewny-pewien (certain)
- winny-winien (guilty)
- Pełny-pełen (full)
There are two forms:
- The simple form is created by adding -szy to the adjective (-ejszy if
pronunciation would become difficult) + niż or od
Adjectives
ending in -k, -ok, or -ek drop these letters when formming the comparitive
- The other form of the comparitive is created by adding the word
"bardziej" before the adjective Some adjectives only use this form
(gorzki-bitter, chory-sick, mokry-wet)
The "than" part "niż" taes
the same case as the first noun compared, but if "od" is used, it is always
followed by a negative. less than mniej niż As ... As tak, jak
Like comparitives, there are two forms:
- add the suffix to the comparitive Bogaty-najbogatszy rich-the richest
- adding the word najbardziej (or najmniej) before the adjective
Najbardziej intersujący (most interesting) Najmniej wiarygodny (least
likely)
The second part of a superlative is followed by "z +
genetive pl" On jest z nich wszystkich najlepszych.
| Dobry(good) |
lepszy (better) |
najlepszy (best) |
| Zły (bad) |
gorszy (worse) |
najgorszy (worst) |
| Mały (small) |
mniejszy (smaller) |
najmniejszy (smallest) |
| Duży (big) |
większy (bigger) |
największy (biggest) |
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